Popular Mechanics By Raymond Carver Lesson Plan Of...

Madeline Hunter Lesson Plan of Questioning Objective The purpose of this lesson is to teach my student to know what they supposed to be learning and why by using questioning strategies while reading. Students learn more effectively when they know what they are presumed to be looking for in the reading assignments. In addition, the student will develop the ability to follow a plot, to make inferences on the action of the characters, and to draw conclusions on the text’s events. Behavior Standards and Expectations Goal: to elicit 100% of active student engagement Specific expectations: †¢ Conversation about questioning †¢ Build confidence in reading skills †¢ Time to share the student’s ideas about what is questioning Anticipatory Set†¦show more content†¦Then he went out to the living room. She stood in the doorway of the little kitchen, holding the baby. I want the baby, he said. Are you crazy? No, but I want the baby. I’ll get someone to come for his things. You’re not touching this baby, she said. The baby had begun to cry and she uncovered the blanket from around his head. Oh, oh, she said, looking at the baby. He moved toward her. For God’s sake! she said. She took a step back into the kitchen. I want the baby. Get out of here! She turned and tried to hold the baby over in a corner behind the stove. But he came up. He reached across the stove and tightened his hands on the baby. Let go of him, he said. Get away, get away! she cried. The baby was red-faced and screaming. In the scuffle, they knocked down a flowerpot that hung behind the stove. He crowded her into the wall then, trying to break her grip. He held onto the baby and pushed with all his weight. Let go of him, he said. Don’t, she said. You’re hurting the baby, she said. I’m not hurting the baby, he said. The kitchen window gave no light. In the near dark he worked on her fisted fingers with one hand and with the other hand he gripped the screaming baby up under an arm near the shoulder. She felt her fingers being forced open. She felt the baby going from her. No! she screamed just as her hands came loose. She would have it, this baby. She grabbed for the baby’s other arm. She caught the baby around the wrist and leaned back. But

Description Of Sheraton Anchorage Hotel And Spa - 833 Words

Home Sheraton Anchorage Hotel Spa 4.1 (10 reviews) 401 East 6th Avenue, Anchorage, AK, 99501, United States †¢ Weather: Light rain, 10  °C / 50  °F †¢ Local Time: 12:22pm †¢ Phone: (907) 276-8700 †¢ Hotel Reservations: 888-627-8046 Englishlanguage navigation HomePhotosRoomsLocal AreaHotel FeaturesDiningMeetings EventsWeddingsIce SpaOffersReviews Reserve Your Stay Explore Anchorage this Summer The Minute Summer Got Closer. Lock in our best rates of the summer when you book today. SPG ® Members save more, plus enjoy free Wi-Fi and earn Starpoints when booking directly on our website or the SPG App. Insider tip: Find some of our best rates over holidays, including Canada Day, 4th of July and Labor Day weekend.†¦show more content†¦The Forest Fair features Alaskan artists, hand-crafted items, exotic foods and entertainers from all over Alaska. Run Fest - Love to run? Participate in one of the most scenic races around, from a full marathon to the mile road race. THINGS TO DO: Alaskan Wildlife Conservation - The Alaska Wildlife Conservation Center is a sanctuary dedicated to preserving Alaska’s wildlife. Visitors may see brown bears cooling off in the water, a bull moose strutting, wood bison roaming on pastures and more. Anchorage Trolly Tour - Take a fully narrated tour of historic Anchorage from the comfort of an enclosed heated trolley! Relax while your guide shares history, family stories and explores Anchorage’s past and present. Alaskan Railroad - The Alaska Railroad is your ticket to the most memorable Alaska day trips and excursions. Breathtaking scenery and stress-free traveling allows you to enjoy your trip through Alaska. Tony Knowles Coastal Trail - One of the most beautiful coastal trails in the nation, the trail gently winds along the coast eleven miles from downtown to the chalet at Kincaid Park and is by far Anchorages most popular trail. Why stop at just one adventure? Visit Anchorage this season and join in the fun. From outdoor adventures to art museums to unique dining experiences, the city and surronding areas promise an unforgettable trip the whole family will enjoy.

Advanced Flight Deck Technology for Safety Free Essays

Over the years and through technology and the requirements of safety and comfort new deck flight plans have been devised and implemented. With this forward movement of a more integrated flight deck and commercial aircraft overall, this has led to a wider safety margin, a more economical cost of operations which in turn will help lower the consumers price of flights as well as their comfort and safety margin. The new flight deck of the Boeing 787 has taken into consideration many factors of the human element of not only pilots but passengers as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Advanced Flight Deck Technology for Safety or any similar topic only for you Order Now Boeing has spent many years with engineers as well as the astronauts from Nasa to incorporate and implement a flight deck design that in its overall abilities will prove to be a much safer, a more reliable â€Å"tool† of flight ensuring the safety of all on board their commercial plane as well as ensuring specific ergonomic factors of the pilots, all of which in turn will help for a smoother flight and mitigate many more chances of potential accidents. At the same time there have also been the ongoing efforts to revolutionize the passenger decks for comfort, security and convenience. Before the new design process for the Boeing 787 flight deck was actually implemented there were several factors that were considered. The old style flight deck instrument control panel itself had many more individual panels to read and watch, their design somewhat sporadic in comparison with what a pilot needed to view and when. There was a limited streamline for functionality. Furthermore, certain controls were either in the way or out of the way making for increased eye, hand and body movement to make a simple adjustment. Pilot seats were more stationary, lacking the ability to swivel completely or to recline or even for basic lumbar support. The windshield has a lesser visibility radius than the new flight deck. The human factors of designing the new flight deck took into account certain specifics of ergonomics. This was to try and reduce strain on the lower back due to prolonged sitting, strain and wear on hands by operating simple hand controls and functions and less strain on eye movements or basic visibility. These were the more important factors to help alleviate potential health issues that pilots, overtime, would experience, furthermore the flight deck design has less capability of causing carpal tunnel, eye strain, dealing with glare functions and in general less tiredness of the pilots which the end result would mean a safer flight for all involved and a more rejuvenated pilot after the flight. The new design of this deck for the pilots has incorporated many changes. The controls, instead of all being joystick like are now more operational by the touch of a button which reduces carpal tunnel stress by having less rigidity that is common with all joystick controls. The windshield is now more anti glare and has the added function, in conjunction with the new panel, to allow for low visibility takeoffs and landings. The instrument panel has a much greater streamlined effect and fewer panels to view as well. The readouts are bigger and more detailed so that a pilot may not have to look as long or as hard to determine what they must do, this allows for quicker reaction time under all circumstances. The data entry devices have been moved more out of the way to an off side positioning instead of an underneath or above positioning of the readout panels. This helps eliminate accidental data entry as the main point of any flight panel is centered. This has helped in wing control specifically. The rudder and indicators of the rudders, landing gear, fuel and other various indicators necessary has been moved to the main control panel that now rests in front of the pilot versus the traditional placement of above the pilot. This way the pilot does not have to continually look up to check the indicators of a safe flight thus reducing body strain. One big change in the flight deck panel is the room for technological growth. Our technology is ever changing and the room left for this growth will help to ensure a placement of future technology without having to completely redesign the entire panel time and again. This has just become a more economy efficient plane. One thing that most people don’t realize, especially on longer flights is the need for paper to make notes on when flight plans need to be changed, when there needs to be an additional and yet unexpected change and this new implementation also helps with keeping a logbook more accurate and that is the built in, electronic scratch pad. Pilots can make notes about shifting winds, potential or unexpected weather pattern changes, a new noise that might be heard and for the mechanic or engineer to check out upon landing, whatever the case may be. Considering the scratch pad is built in and computer controlled, should there be a failing or an accident, this along with the traditional black box may help solve many questions as to why much quicker. Airport layouts are all different and each pilot must know the layout of the airport to help alleviate getting in the way or creating a ground accident before and after take off. The way this was dealt with is by programming an airport map function, for each airport, into a menu driven control panel. Pilots are able to look at these maps and determine their point of entry or take off in conjunction with the tower’s instructions. It gives them a much needed and yet basic heads up for comfortability in knowledge. This same programming also will record flight plans which in turn will tell you if you are off course and by how far. Additionally it will also give options to view other flight routes should an emergency or other type of landing need to be instituted. Lastly, in correlation is the gps like ability of marking waypoints. Many would not think there could be waypoints when in the air but the lay of the land, different mountain ranges and bodies of water can be considered waypoints. With these new implementations this allows both pilots, at the same time, to have and maintain the same operational ability instead of one pilot having control aspects over a part of the plane, and the co-pilot sequestered into a different set of controls altogether. This becomes more of the teamwork atmosphere that is need for the lives of those on board. There is a design for error tolerance where there wasn’t before, meaning that should a pilot make an error in the flight path, the programming will take over to correct the situation. This error tolerance is only 1% but if you keep off course by that 1% then you will be far from your intended destination. This allows for a human to machine interface and more safety factors. Instead of wondering what the plane is doing, a pilot will know what the plane is doing. There is obviously suggested training, especially with those who do not have flight management experience. Boeing has done what they can at this time to insure that their safety guidelines are not only met for human risk but that these guidelines are above what is required and to the scope of guideline by other facilities and engineering specs. Now with this new integrated, streamlined flight deck, the passenger cabins have also been upgraded to include better air quality, more natural lighting via larger windows, larger overhead bins which make it easier to get in and out of when retrieving personal items. The seats are wider as is the aisles and for those who are taller, there is a substantial more amount of headroom. There are current plans for future ATM’s to be located on this plane. So with all of this in mind, taking in normal human strengths and weaknesses which vary from person to person, this new flight deck allows for more safety, especially with fewer parts being used, less failing and quicker ability for response time, and potentially less fuel which in turn creates a savings that can be put off, in part, to the consumer when they purchase a ticket to fly on the commercial Boeing 787. The psychological effects not only on the pilots but on the customers, when they obtain this knowledge helps ease tension, behooves a less stressful environment for pilots and when all these functions are in place and all feel secure a flight goes much smoother. Small aircraft pilots would benefit greatly from this design as the majority of small plains are still archaic in their designs. Even though this is true, the safety factor needs are still the same. In some respects, with the technology into the Boeing flight deck, this actually makes the larger plane much safer than the smaller planes of personal pleasure. (CL Tapken 2008). How to cite Advanced Flight Deck Technology for Safety, Essays

Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity free essay sample

He references to Athens and Jerusalem to help the reader to grasp the theme of the book. Athens represents knowledge through human reason and Jerusalem represents faith. The idea of secular thinking and Christian thinking by Harry Blamers are also examined (Entwistle, 2010). The text defines secular thinking as restricted limits within earth; however Christian thinking is an eternal perspective. Entwistle states that â€Å"all truth is God’s truth† and no matter how the truth is discovered the author is God (Entwistle, 2010, pp13). Entwistle noted that it is important to understand the history of Christianity and science. Galileo made great scientific discoveries, however he was heavily criticized for his findings. The Roman Catholic Church had a hard time understanding scientific method. Overall the Roman Catholic Church deserted the fact Christianity had a part in the development of scientific understanding. Our worldview or life perspective affects how we understand and relate to our experiences and the world (Entwistle, pp56). The experience that a person has impacts their life and the way that perceive truth. Entwistle also discusses questions that where posed by Walsh and Middleton these include, what does mean to be human? What is the nature of the world? , What’s wrong with world, why do things go wrong? and how what can is wrong with my life, be fixed? These questions answer life’s most fundamental questions. Every worldview frames how one understands the world and how one acts in the world (Entwistle, pp61). The author also addresses four themes to help the reader gain an understanding of the Christian world view which include creation, fall, redemption and consummation. Creation addresses the understanding of who humans are and how it relates to the world that we live in. The fall deals rebellion against God in the garden. Redemption speaks about the forgiveness of our sins that came through the savior of Jesus Christ. Finally Consummation pulls all three previous topics together and is the start of the integration at its core. The pursuit of truth: Epistemology provides understanding for the reader to gain insight to the way that humans process and react to truth. Epistemology is the pursuit of intellectual virtue. It wants to provide an evidentiary basis for belief, rather than one of just opinion. Entwistle then brings up another important topic which is Metaphysics. Metaphysics can be defined as the philosophical investigation of the nature, constitution and stature of reality. Philosophical anthropology attempts to validate assumptions made by theologians and psychologists about human nature and behavior (Entwistle, pp119). The author provides five models for relating to psychology and theology. These models seek to provide the reader with a clear understanding of the various perspectives about book of God’s word, which reveals the will of God and the book of God’s works which is his expressed power that was first described by Francis Bacon (Entwistle, pp136). The first model is enemies, which is a commitment to a worldview that disregards either religious belief or the insight of human reason. Secondly he speaks, about spies within this model pragmatic desire to use any means help a person’s wellbeing and also those apart of this model have very little connection to any religious views. The next model is the colonialists whose main allegiance is to a religious system. The neutral parties have gained knowledge from various perspectives. Lastly the allies model states that people find their purpose when they see there selves in right relationship to God. As Entwistle concludes his work he helps the reader find the road to integration. He also states in order to integrate psychology and Christianity it is necessary to define the contours of psychology and the contours of Christian orthodoxy (Entwistle, pp136). Finally the reader is given insight to the road ahead as it relates to psychology and Christianity. Concrete Response During the reading of this book a story that kept playing in my head was being back in my grandmother’s church in Louisiana. I can remember being in church and the pastor would often preach that as Christians we should never add or take away anything from the word of God. He would often state that when we do that, we are sinning against God. I remember being in church for what felt like was all day. I would fall asleep and mother or grandmother would pinch me so that I would wake up. The pain was so extreme and I often would think that God was mad at me because I was falling asleep in church. Another memory that comes to mind is whenever the members of my grandmother’s church did not understand something it would often be deemed as the devil. For example when I was reading the story of what happened to Galileo, could see the members at my grandmother’s church condemning him, because they did not understand the theories that he discovered. My mother told me when she became pregnant with me at age 18; the leaders at church asked her to sit the back of the church because of her sin. Growing as a child I thought we say in the back because the was my mother favorite sit in church. I am so blessed that my mother moved away from Louisianan and we longer attended my grandmother’s church. If I would have still attended my grandmother’s church it would have impacted my worldview negatively. This memory helped me to gain a better understanding about the impact that our worldview has on life and the ways in we relate to God. Reflection While reading Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity, many questions arose for this author. I understand that the book was written to help professionals use the Christian faith and psychology while at the same to help their clients overcome the barriers they face in life. However whether iris okay to add faith into the counseling session in the secular worldview? A question I have for the author is how to help counseling professionals know how, and when to integrate with clients. What I enjoyed most about the book is the way Entwistle takes his reader on a journey to discover their feelings and thoughts about integration. While reading this book I was encouraged to think outside of my perspectives. Most importantly I learned that we must allow ourselves the room to grow and change as we receive new knowledge. A strength that the book has was the ability to challenge me personally. Many times while reading the book I found myself questioning many of my thought patterns and beliefs. I would like to know if there will ever be a common agreement between psychologists and topologists. Action As result of reading this book I am going to implement the Allies model to my career. I would like to help my clients see themselves in proper relationship to God. I will use the model to integrate psychology and theology to gain a more holistic view of my clients. I am also going to keep in mind that a person’s worldview affects how he or she receives and processes truth. Therefore while working with my clients I am going to make an effort to understand their worldview so that I can help them to overcome their trials. Overall as result of reading this book I would like to be an example of love and grace to my clients. When working with other professionals I am going help them to develop and understand why seeing the clients a holistic perspective is important. I will also stress to my colleagues that when we fail to see our clients from a holistic point of view, we miss out on an opportunity to provide them with tools for success. Reference Entwistle, D. (2010). Integrative approaches to psychology and Christianity: An introduction to worldview issues, philosophical foundations and models of integration. Eugene, OR: Cascade Books.

The Lizzie Borden Case In American Popular Culture

The jazz age essays

The jazz age essays In spite of social and economic upheaval, the 1900s prospered as a whole. The 1920s were marked by technological, historical, literary, and political, phenomena. Society was experiencing a new way of life, characterized by new technology that enabled Americans to kick back and enjoy all life had to offer. During the 1920s, the United States started off on a joyride in an era of wonderful nonsense (World Book Encyclopedia p.114). Americans felt lighthearted and optimistic after WWI. New advances in technology were invented like the Model T and canned foods. People spent more money on travel and vacation resorts. They announced a new generation with jazz bands and a craze for sports and dances. Life in the home was also affected. Ready-made clothing, and household appliances gave women the opportunity to release themselves from everyday drudgery. More women began to seek work outside of home. Daring girls nicknamed flappers shocked the older and more traditional members of society. Their short skirts, bobbed hair, and public use of cigarettes were frenetic compared to the previous style of that time. In 1919, Amendment 18 to the Constitution prohibited the manufacture and sale of liquor. This marked a turning point in Americas history. Many people resented this new law and drank in illegal clubs called speak-easies. Gangsters took over bootlegging and crime increased. The federal government found it almost impossible to enforce prohibition, mainly because society had such a strong opposition towards it. The Jazz Age was a golden period in American literature, distinguished by the works of such writers as Willa Cather, William Faulkner, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, and Carl Sandburg. At the same time, American writers began to influence world literature. A period of disillusion and cynicism that followed WWI found expression in the writings of a grou...

Comparative Management Analysis of Two Firms. (Biogenta and Outback Assignment

Comparative Management Analysis of Two Firms. (Biogenta and Outback INC) - Assignment Example Comparative Analysis of Both Firms Organizational design and structure Organizational design and structure is main standing base of any corporation operating on a global and local level. If we look at the two scenarios both the companies are completely different in their perspective and focus of production but the nature of work demands innovation nonetheless (Mcfowler 2001). Organizational design and structure mainly consists of six major elements. These six elements consist of work specialization, departmentalization, chain of command, span of control, centralization or decentralization, formalization and traditional designs (Mcfowler 2001). Work specialization In terms of work specialization in organizations the term refers to how much pressure is put on to individuals within the organizations how through different processes each task is carried out. In both the organizations assigned to analyze each had an effective system of recruiting the most talented and skilled staff for the job but the problem for Outback lies in the external environmental forces too (Carroll 1985). The tourism industry is facing a shortfall because of which Australia requires a good number of 42,000 people by 2015. In such a scenario the staff hired should be valued and considered as an asset to the organization whereas the company is applying paternalism to the structure which is de motivating the staff to come up their ideas for revolution and change (Carroll 1985). On the other hand Biogenta is promoting its staff and making efficient use of its human capital by employing them in cross functional teams and making the best use of them (Carroll 1985). Departmental ization Both the organizations Biogenta and Outback have similar division of departments such as finance, marketing, human resource and support (Gitman and Mc Daniel 2009). Among the many types of departmentalization Biogenta chooses to go about product departmentalization and goes for cross functional teams and virtual teams from various departments to cater to different tasks. The good part about it is that it initiates a good flow of information within departments and the negative aspect is that it can only be applied to a limited category of products (Gitman and Mc Daniel 2009). As far as the case of Outback product departmentalization is applied to increase the levels of the system to satisfy family issues because of this there are limited follow up of organizational goals but yet efficient managerial distribution is carried out (Gitman and Mc Daniel 2009). Chain of command There is strict chain of command extending in Outback INC where authority is of supreme

Critical thinking Questiong Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical thinking Questiong - Essay Example By focusing on participants’ dignity, they will experience compassion and love. Hart (252) also asserts that the legal system is not the best way to attain justice in society. First laws are formulated by human beings and thus can be in favor of the privileged few. Consequently, they need to be backed by secondary laws in order for them to function effectively. Moreover, according to him the judicial system is based more on logic which is not always the best way to address problems. Morally, when victims are apologized to, they feel in control since they are the ones to make decisions (Rosenbaum 175). On the other hand, when the legal system is applied the impacts are not closely felt by the participants. While lawyers view the legal system as a means to attain justice, Rosenbaum (182) looks at it as a truth silencing conspiracy. This is for the fact that the law robs participants the power to exercise their own means of attaining justice. Instead, it gives all the powers to lawyers to present contradictory, messy and inconclusive views. He then explains that the best way of avoiding lawsuits is to accord people the respect they deserve by acknowledging their responsibilities in the whole process. Through that, decency is attained and it might be the effective way of attaining justice. Contrary, the legal law penalizes offenders and this might evoke resistance within them thus hindering one from doing the right thing (Hart 258). Looking at the legal system critically one will say that laws are a form of gaining revenue. For instance, the insurance policy for automobile forbids one to apologize in case of an accident. Hence the question is, â€Å"is this because the legal system want to extract money from citizens or why is it so?† The answer to this according to Rosenbaum (184) is that lawyers do not exchange words for free thus for cases to go to court, money has to involved. However,

Just answer the Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Just answer the Question - Essay Example It is undoubted that human beings have played a significant role in climate change leading to depredation of the biosphere and extinction of vast species of flora and fauna. With no qualm, the earth’s biodiversity faces constant threats that would merit some intervention. However, time is a healing factor. Let the earth be for the next one million years and the current tribulations it faces will be past tense, safely buried in the world of history. If the world needs no saving, what does? Humanity is obviously under threat. Human beings are headed for extinction taking many more species with them besides the ones that have already disappeared. The human race population is fast skyrocketing and will soon surpass the carrying capacity of the earth (Cobb Para 5). Human activities such as burning of fossil fuels releasing excess carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, thus accentuating global warming can only do more harm to humans and other species essential for the continuity of humanity. Consequently, man’s efforts to curb adverse phenomena such as global warming are focused more on saving humanity rather than the world. Therefore, the world needs no saving as does humanity because it can cope with its tribulations over

Managing Quality In Health And Social Care Social Work Essay

Managing Quality In Health And Social Care Social Work Essay 1.0 Introduction to the Case In this assignment I am going to use a nursing home for elderly residents, both male and female with both dementia and different medical conditions like diabetes, Parkinsons disease and hypertension. Some of the service users in this nursing home are bed bound while others are mobile or self dependant. It has two floors with 42 bed capacity. 1.1 What quality means to the following stakeholders Service users These are residents or clients in our Nursing home. Quality to our service users means any service that is offered to their satisfaction for example: Respect: Most of our residents prefer to be addressed by the names while some prefer to be addressed as Mr. or Mrs. We respect their wishes and this makes them happy. Also when we are offering personal care like washing or bathing we ensure that doors are shut for privacy and dignity purposes we also respect their age as adults and treat them as adults according to their wishes Choice: Residents choices in our nursing home are usually observed as this makes them to have their freedom of choice in whatever they want to have for example we have different menu choices for foods and drinks and before we serve them we ask them what they prefer to have. The same applies to the way they prefer to dress and so we offer them a choice on their own clothes and activities that they would like to participate in and at the end of it all they are happy and the quality of service offered is satisfactory to them and everybody else. Confidentiality: Anything concerning a resident in our Nursing home is private and confidential unless for medical reasons like consultation and to those who are concerned like family and relatives. Friends and family: They usually appreciate when they are involved in care plans of their relatives and they are satisfied when what they have agreed on is followed through. Safety they are always appreciative and supportive when they know that their parents and friends (residents) are free from harm by the care they are provided with for example safe from falls, abuse and infections within the nursing home. They like their relatives to be treated equally like other residents without discrimination because of either their conditions, disabilities or ethnicity. Carers: These are the major service providers in our nursing home and quality to them means: Equity- all service providers should be treated equally regardless of their race, ethnicity, gender and knowledge and skills they have on their job when this is put into consideration they are motivated and tend to offer the best quality of care to residents which in turn leads to customer satisfaction. Safety all service providers in our Nursing home ensure they are safe on the environment they work on for their sake, residents, relatives and friends and anyone concerned. We ensure proper procedures are followed such as moving and handling by using proper equipment on residents like hoists and slings to avoid accidents to ourselves and to residents. Carers are always happy when they are not abused either by residents, relatives and friends or their fellow carers. We have four different models of quality Total quality management: a way of managing people and business processes to ensure complete customer satisfaction at every stage internally and externally (Department of Trade and Industry, DTI 2010). Although different quality experts emphasize different experts of this methodology, its major components can be summarised as follows: processes, people, management systems and performance measurement. According to Ross and Perry (1999), in addition to creating delighted customers through empowered employees, total quality management processes also lead to higher revenue and lower cost. In our Nursing home, every department is involved in implementing quality management to offer the best quality of service; we always work as a team and ensure we have offered the best quality of care that our residents need. Continuous quality improvement: is a system that seeks to improve the provision of services with an emphasis on future results (Marshall, 2003). In our nursing home, the manager ensures that every service provider receives training, implements what they have learnt and they are supervised if there is need for retraining again we are retrained this ensures that we receive updated information to offer the best quality of service. Quality standards: The Care Quality Commission for England has produced a guidance to help providers of health and adult social care to comply with the Health and Social Care Act 2008 (Regulated Activities) Regulations 2010 and the Care Quality Commission (Registration) Regulations 2009 (CQC, 2010b). This guide contains the regulations and the outcomes that the CQC expects people using a service will experience if the provider complies. This forms the basis for the quality standards in care homes. There are 16 core ones range from respecting people receiving the services to safety and suitability of premises and staffing levels just to mention a few. In my care setting, we get an annual inspection from UKAF over and above inspections from CQC and have been given a star rating of three. All activities this year are geared towards a rating of four. Quality cycles: According to QCC (2010b) quality cycles represent periods within which care homes should be reviewed to determine compliance in its service provision. This may be annually. However private organisations like the United Kingdom Accreditation service also offers a quality cycle inspection called the Residential and Domiciliary care Benchmarking (RDB). The RDB annual quality cycle supports strategic planning by providing comparative feedback on a homes care provision and enables the identification of performance gaps and cost/benefit assessments to be made (UKAF, 2010). In this model we have four major aspects to be looked into namely: planning, doing, checking and acting. Quality and principles of care Legislation -these are laws and rules set by the government on how the provision of care should be for example protection of vulnerable adults. In our nursing home, every service provider should be ready to protect all residents from any form of abuse we attend mandatory trainings such as safeguarding vulnerable adults according to regulations by the CQC (2010b). Safety- in our nursing home we always do risk assessment on every service user and put measures in place like using bed rails to prevent falls by doing this we have protected residents from accidents and this ensures quality service to our residents. Independence-service users should be made in control of their lives by allowing them to do some of the things like arranging their wardrobes, making and tidying their rooms by themselves because some of the residents are very active and would like to do what they used to do before and we always encourage them to do while we supervise them and this makes them happy hence promoting the quality of service as they are satisfied. Rights- service users should continue to enjoy the same rights when in nursing homes like they used to when they were living independently. Every service user supported in nursing homes has the right to say NO, right to have a relationship and the right to have a say in their care plan. Service providers always tend to balance service users rights against their responsibilities whether both are at risk or not. 1.4) External agencies: These are bodies that regulate quality of care including: The Care Quality Commission an independent regulator for health and social care in England (CQC 2010a; 2010b). They regulate care provided by NHS, local authority, private company and voluntary organisations. Their aim is to make sure better care is provided for everyone. In our nursing home Care Quality Commission makes a minimum of three inspections annually (two announced and one unannounced) on such things as how we provide care in terms of cleanliness of the home and to service users.. It has a wide range of enforcement powers to take action on behalf of service users  if services are unacceptably low. The  CQC makes sure that the voices of service users are heard by asking people to share their experiences of care services. It makes sure that users views are at the heart of its reports and reviews. The CQC takes action if providers do not meet essential quality standards, or if there is reason to think that peoples basic rights or safety are at risk (CQC, 2010) through a wide range of enforcement powers, such as fines and public warnings, and can be flexible about how and when to use them. It can apply specific conditions in response to serious risks. For example, it can demand that a hospital ward or service is closed until the provider meets safety requirements or is suspended. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE)- this is an independent organisation responsible for providing national guidance on promoting good health preventing and treating ill health (NICE, 2010). In our Nursing home, residents who have anxiety, panic attacks request for sedatives in order for them to sleep they are usually reassured and instead a government practitioner is consulted to review and advice them accordingly. Service providers take NICE guidelines trainings on different medical conditions for example diabetic foot (identification and care of the foot). 2.1) Quality Standards Benchmarks: According to Philip B. Crosby (1999) benchmarks are indicators of best practice including access to care environment and the culture of a home. The Benchmarks is one of the most comprehensive sets of social and environmental criteria and business performance indicators available (Daniels et al 2000). Our nursing home is accessible publically, to wheel chairs, a spacious car park and a section for activities for residents and relatives. We also have a signing in visitors book stating whom they are visiting. Code of practice for social care workers and employers for social care workers This document is developed by General Social Council and it contains agreed codes of practice for social care workers and employers of social care workers describing the standards of conduct and practice within which they should work ( GSCC, 2002). Employers use this set of code of practice to make decisions about the conduct of staff and support social care workers to meet their code of practice. Service users and members of the public use the codes to help them understand the behaviour of social workers (how they should behave towards them) and also how employers should support social care workers to do their job well. It is the responsibility of social care workers to make sure that their conduct does not fall below the standards set in the code of practice and no action or omission harms service users (NCSC, 2010). Social care workers must protect the interests of service users, maintain confidence, respect rights, promote independence, be accountable for the quality of their wor k and take responsibility for maintaining and improving their knowledge and skills. The general social council expect social care workers to meet the codes and may take actions (deregistering) if registered workers fail. 2.2) Different approaches to implementing quality Communication is a means of passing information from one person to another. In our nursing home we have different ways of communication like when doing care plans we always document what we have done for a resident so that whoever takes over knows what to do next to ensure continuity of care. Also when handing over is done during change of shifts information about residents is shared and everyone is aware of any changes in care plans in accordance to CQC guidelines (CQC, 2010). We also have staff meetings where certain information is passed on and in cases where staffs have a problem it is addressed and solutions are given out. For effective communication systems there should be a language that everyone understands. Policies and procedures These are guidelines set on how to do things often informed through regulations as outlined in various government documents (GSCC, 2002; NICE, 2010; CQC, 2010a. 2010b). In our Nursing home we have different policies and procedures for example in cases of accidents to residents we are required to fill a resident incident report and pass it on to the supervisor families, friends and relatives are informed about the accident then precautions are put into place walking frames, to avoid future occurrences of similar accidents. Infection control policy helps to prevent spread of infections within our nursing home. We always use personal protective equipment when offering personal care to residents, handling of any infectious wastes. We also use the proper technique for hand washing. There are also hand gels in each residents room, in public toilets and at the entrance of the building for sanitation purposes and all wastes like clinical and kitchen wastes are usually put in the bins ready for collection. In cases of disease outbreaks like diarrhoea and vomiting residents are isolated and managed separately and proper hand washing techniques are used to prevent further spread of the infection. Whistle blowing policy is designed to deal with issues that do not directly affect the employee and their employment but are a cause for concern in relation to the harm that may be done to other employees, residents or the wider community. Any employee who is concerned about their personal situation should raise their concern with their line supervisor or manager. This policy is for reporting issues like elderly abuse, misuse of drugs, faulty machinery that may cause accidents, illegal dumping of waste. The policy protects not only employees but the wide community. Confidentiality- all residents or service users information is private and confidential. It is not a proper practice to discuss residents information in public like their conditions and behaviours by doing that is breaching the policy and legal action should be taken. In nursing homes all information is kept safely and only accessible to relevant persons. This promotes quality of service 2.3) Quality systems ISO 9001 involves a set of procedures that cover all key processes in the business, monitoring processes to ensure they are effective, keeping adequate records and facilitating continual improvement. They have certain requirements like internal regulations, claims and procedures for residents, suggestion box and contract with uses. It also covers the importance of understanding and meeting customer requirements, communication, resource requirements, training and products, Leadership, Involvement of people, Process approach, and System approach to management and Continual improvement (Tricker and Sherring- Lucas, 2001). In our nursing home for the provision of all these elements and reporting them on day to day basis for example there is a clear procedure for residents complains. Carers, residents and relatives are informed and logged in a special complaints book and complains are followed up. When all this are put into practice, there is employee and customer satisfaction, resulting from better defined and implemented business processes. As a result of this we have motivated staffs, who understands their roles and how their work affects quality, improved product and service quality, happier customers, and improved management and operational processes, resulting in less waste (both time and materials) Business excellence is a widely used framework that helps companies to review their performance and practices in a number of areas and identify targets and actions for improvement based on principles of customer service stakeholder value and process management ( British Quality Foundation, BQF 2010). Managers develop the mission, vision and values and are role models of a culture of Excellence. Studies in Taiwan have shown that in care homes where this model is applied, managers are personally involved in ensuring the organisations management system is developed, implemented and continuously improved are involved with customers, partners and representatives of society and also motivate, support and recognise the organisations people (Cheng B, Chang, C and Sheng L. 2005). In our nursing home we use a balanced score card to keep track of activities by staff and measure consequences arising based on the British Quality Foundation model ( BQF, 2010).Service users families and relatives m easure in a scale of 1-5 where one is poor and five is excellent. We work hard in poorly rated areas to improve the quality of service. At the same time managers set a number of targets on key areas of each staff members roles which are then assessed on monthly review and awards are given to the best. This motivates other team members to work hard and best to attain the best and by doing so they provide best quality and we excel. 2.4) Trainings this refers to a learning process that involves the acquisition of knowledge, sharpening of skills and concepts (Stevens, 2004. In our nursing there are mandatory trainings offered to service providers before commencing to work like basic food hygiene, manual handling Healthy and safety is ensuring that the environment where we are working is safe for service users, other staff and others in general by our actions and omissions. It is a responsibility to all staff to ensure that the environment is safe to work on. For safety purposes in our nursing home we do not use equipment unless it has been checked and serviced. Also default equipments are labelled DO NOT USE to prevent and avoid accidents. We also have controlled cupboards where substances that are hazardous to health are stored and locked away. When there is a defect on the environment like chipped floors, loose hanging electricity wires we report to the maintenance coordinator and they are rectified immediately to avoid accidents. Again when housekeeping team are doing cleaning they always display cleaning boards and everybody is aware that cleaning is on progress or the floor is wet and they avoid using it until it is dry by doing this they minimise chances of accidents like falls 2.5) According to Marshall (2003) and Stevens (2004), external and internal barriers to delivering quality are any obstacle which prevents a given policy instrument being implemented or limits the way in which it can be implemented. They include: Resources: lack of adequate resources hinders quality of service for example inadequate or shortage of staff affects the quality of services offered and this leads to unsatisfaction of service users as they get services that are not adequate and for service providers because they are overworked. In nursing homes when there are staffs shortages they arrange cover shifts earlier by either bank staff or some agencies registered with the home. Financial barriers include budget restrictions like food supplies and other supplies like incontinent products limits the overall expenditure and this leads to inadequate provision of quality services to residents Personal Appearance: Hygiene and grooming, eating habits and attire can vary from country to country and culture to culture. For example, some people may wear attire such as a headdress as part of their custom and beliefs. To remain true to their beliefs, some workers may want to continue to wear this dress at their workplace. Employers may view this as inappropriate or unsafe. It is particularly problematic in workplaces where workers wear uniforms. Religion: In many cultures, religion dominates life in a way that is often difficult for employers to understand. For example, workers from some cultures may want to pray while at work times in accordance with their values and beliefs. There may also be religious holidays on which people of certain religions are forbidden to work. These differences need to be respected, where possible, and not ignored and they affect the quality of service. Language barriers often go hand-in hand with cultural differences, posing additional problems and misunderstandings in the workplace. When people cannot communicate properly they are frustrated when communicating with supervisors, co-workers and residents this can be dangerous because people may end up performing poorly in their work thus affecting quality of service offered. Legal and institutional barriers -these include lack of legal powers to implement a particular instrument and responsibilities which are split between agencies limiting the ability of an institution. Like the law states that students should work for twenty hours only which creates shortages at work affecting quality of services. 3.1) According to Business Dictionary.com (2010), policies are principles, rules and guidelines formulated or adopted by an organization to reach its long term goals. They are designed to influence and determine all major decisions, actions and activities take place within the boundaries set by them and procedures are specific methods employed to express policies in action in day to day operations of the organization. For example, in nursing homes the National Care Standards Commission for England, NCSC (2010) has outlined requirements that these homes must meet which in effect guide their policies and principles. These policies include, but not limited to: manual handling procedures, Risk assessment and Infection control. Manual handling These are techniques used to handle or move service users like hoisting, using belts and sliding sheets to move residents these are safe procedures for both residents and service providers as they minimise accidents to both cases and this promotes quality of service (CQC, 2010). On the other hand, they have disadvantages like time consuming when doing procedures like hoisting which requires two or three persons and also residents may not like the experiences of hoisting and thirdly it needs trainings to be carried out. Risk assessments According to healthy and safety at work act (1974) the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulation (1999) states that it is the responsibilities of managers to do risk assessment to employers and employees. to reduce and prevent risks to them in future and they are included in their care plan so that quality of care can be improved for example residents with risks of falling have walking frames, falling mats and bed rails put in place to avoid falls but again things like bed rails have caused accidents in that residents are trapped and some sustain fractures which affect quality of service 3.2) factors that influence the achievement of quality of personal care Quality is a difficult concept to capture directly. However, resident or organisational outcomes are often used as a proxy for quality (Marshall, 2003). There is considerable debate about the relationship between quality of care and quality of life as joint, but not necessarily competing, measures of quality. A study for the Joseph Rowntree Foundation indicates that residents perceptions of nursing staff are a good indicator of quality of care (JRF, 2008).The importance of measures of social care and of homeliness epitomise the divide between health and social care provision in care homes. Factors influencing residents satisfaction with care are discussed below: Team working Heath care workers working in teams has been recognised as an improving the quality of care (Stevens, 2004; Borill et al 1999). According to Stevens, the intention is for carers to share tasks and learn from each other and possibly improve based on their experiences. This can be illustrated by the quotation below: The best and most cost-effective outcomes for patients and clients are achieved when professionals work together, learn together, engage in clinical audit of outcomes together, and generate innovation to ensure progress in practice and service. (Borill et al 1999 p.6). Stevens has for example reported from a number of surveys from UK nursing homes to suggest that there is a reduction in carer burden and significant reduction in stress when staff work in teams resulting in better coping and satisfaction. Both these studies (Stevens, 2004; Borill et al 1999) found that service users surveyed showed more satisfaction when carers and health workers worked in teams Healthy and safety at work The responsibilities of care home proprietors are subject to a range of health and safety legislation among them the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974, the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 which require employers to assess the risks to employees and other who may be affected by their undertaking, (residents) and the control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations ( Care Quality Commission, 2010). These regulations have led to dramatic improvements in the safety of residents and people working in care homes according to the care quality commission. For instance, guidelines requiring minimalist manual handling has significantly reduced the numbers of health workers staying off work due to illness which has a positive effect on the level of personal care of residents ( CQC, 2010a). However, a report for the Joseph Rawtree Foundation (JRF, 2008) showed that the percentage of medication errors and adverse events in nursing homes have increased despite regular inspections by the CQC. Stevens (2004) has also reported survey results from 27 residential homes with dementia patients where 19% cases of medication errors were reported. In my care setting, clear improvements can be seen from less harm to residents when using the hoist but not many service users like to use the hoist. Some risk assessments in care homes have made it very difficult to take residents outdoors or even for activities outside the home for fear of not meeting the Health and safety requirements and this ends up reducing the quality of care. 3.3 The following recommendation can improve the quality of care in Nursing homes Training /education This means acquiring knowledge and skills or new information on how to do things according to the recommended regulations and standards ( Stevens 2004). This is a very important aspect in nursing homes all trainings as it provides ongoing trainings to update service providers and equip them with relevant and current information that enables them to provide the best quality of care that will be satisfactory to service users. In our nursing home trainings are offered and need to be implemented then supervision is done and in cases where need for retraining arises, arrangements are done and they are offered for the benefits of service users, service providers and the community at large as it reduces or minimises preventable accidents and this promotes the quality of service Review This means going through the set of targets or planned activities to see the progress whether it is improving or getting worse. This alerts and actions or precautions are put in place to make the situation improve for better quality of service ( Stevens, 2004). For example in our nursing home there are always monthly reviews of care plans of service users this includes individual or family interviews to determine whether residents are improving or need some improved care plans like in moving and handling procedures (use of hoist or belts) and then action is taken accordingly. Also for staff there is quarterly staff meetings or when need arises and previous discussed or current issues are raised and a way forward on how to carry on is agreed. There are always individual supervisions done by allocated persons and each employee identifies areas that need improvement and good performing areas by doing this there is improvement of quality of service Conclusion It has been shown that in order to improve services to users in the social care sector, it is important to follow principles, guidelines and procedures set by government, industry bodies or even individual homes. There is also need for planning, doing and checking and then reviewing to assess shortcomings in order to design improvement regimes. Similarly, it has been shown that although there is legislation and care industry standards, it will require long term commitments in developing methods, instruments and communication procedures involving all stakeholders at care or residential home level.

Low Self Esteem Essay -- essays research papers

Languages, colors, cultures and also the way one behaves may differ from one nation to another. Yet, each and every one of us living on the surface of this planet have several things in common. One of these similarities is that we all have a way of regarding our own self. It is believed that a large amount of individuals feel very good about themselves. Nevertheless, from time to time even the best of us get a dose of negative emotions. Very heartbreaking stories about self dislike were told by many depressed teenagers and older people. What are the causes of this kind of low self esteem and how can one person get solutions to outcome them? Self Esteem is defined as confidence in your own merit as an individual#. Such concepts as self-esteem and self-image have been regarded by some social psychologists as useful, while others have regarded them as unnecessary. There is a considerable amount of research on such topics but it would be very difficult to find the exact definition because volumes have been written about self esteem. Definitions given in self esteem literature run a yard long. But after cutting through all the scientific words, the question of self-esteem really centers down to something quite simple: How do a person feels about his/herself? If the person feels good about him/herself, they have a high self-esteem. If they feel bad about him/herself, they have a low self esteem. Since low self esteem is a worst problem than the higher one, let’s examine it to find some solution by investigating a number of low self esteem causes and personal cases. Individuals with truly high self esteem feel good about themselves and continue believing in themselves regardless of what others think of them. Some people feel good about themselves only as long as others support them and approve them. The moment another person criticizes them, or withdraws her or his support from them, they not only feel bad about themselves, they may even hate themselves. That would be the first step into low self-esteem. When a person acts like that, li... ...they often approach suicide more determinedly than the young and carry it out with a terrible efficiency. "Not only is suicide significantly more prevalent among older persons, but the suicidal act itself reflects important differences between old and young," notes Dr. Hendin, in his book Suicide in America. "In particular, the ratio of attempted to actual suicides shifts quite markedly among older persons. Among the population as a whole, the ratio of attempted suicides to actual suicides has been estimated to be 10 to 1; among the young (15-24), it has been estimated to be 100 to 1; and among those over 55, it has been estimated to be 1 to 1." Self dislike, depression loneliness and suicide have a very great role in one person’s self esteem. Although the above statistics made it seem to be impossible to overcome these feelings, the research hopefully gave us all the possible ways that we can be victorious and set ourselves free from this psychological slavery.

Business Ethics and Studio Habitat Indonesia

STUDIO HABITAT CASE How to help low income houses clients while followed the architecture business ethics in Indonesia Everyone deserves a comfort, save, and beautifully well-designed house to live in. Unfortunately, there hardly ever an architect who is willing to get involved in a low budget house design project whereas in fact, an architect support is extremely needed in one. People need a particular architecture solution for their lack of budget, space, material, and opportunity in building a house. On the other hand, the low budget house should be made with an ideal plan so it wouldn’t cost more than the fund they have. Which hopefully, can be done with a hand from an architect. A good low budget house should be a sturdy one, so that it could have a low maintenance and sustainable construction. It should have fine light and circulation thus it won’t need much electrical energy which also means saving the energy and expense The space should be properly designed in an exact space, thus every space available is properly used and the material and structure are effective and efficiently applied along with the necessity so that the building cost can also be economized. In Indonesia, the issue is crucial due to the need of good quality house supporting a good quality of life. With a well-constructed environment comes well social environment. The problem is the fact that most architects lack of awareness these days towards the need of middle class society for a good architecture. Not to mention the society which doesn’t seem to assume architecture as a fundamental issue. The main problem due to the problems, there is a very different opinion about how should architects deals with this matter. To make an affordable houses designed by an architect, first of all architect should lowering the rates below the standard rates decided by the Indonesian Architects Association. This is not a really ideal solution, because ethically those who want to create a price war in the business could misuse it. In the other hand, if we keep up with the standard fees, it was to high to be reach by the poor. The Affordable Houses Affordable housing and low cost housing are the most talked about issues in the real estate sector these days. However, there is a distinct difference between the two concepts. In the absence of an institutional rental market in Indonesia affordable and low cost housing denotes ownership and not rental housing. Low cost housing generally refers to cost effective housing that relies on ‘low cost technology' that ensures similar quality and durability as compared to more commonly used technologies. In Indonesia, the affordable houses was definite by the government through some of the rules and laws and minimum standard, Indonesian government set some rules about it such as[1]: †¢ It provides a comfort, save, and proper shelter for the user †¢ It provides a proper air circulation, and ventilation for natural light †¢ It provides drainage, clean water, and a proper waste system †¢ It provides access to public facility †¢ It provides electricity More over, there is some standard minimum area of the houses so it would fulfill the criteria to be called as ideal affordable houses (on exhibit 1 & 2)[2] There’s still some unfinished points about this criteria and standards, for examples the government set up the standard height for ceiling in houses should about to be around 3. 2 meters from the floor. In fact, with a great design on the layout and opening for windows and doors, 2. 4 meters from the floor is all needed to had a proper, safe, comfort, and healthy affordable houses. Business ethics for architects in Indonesia Architects is someone creating an architecture[3]. The job is to make a real manifesto from the idea and the needs of a client. In doing their jobs an architect give a focus on some designs factors during the process, some of those are the style of the building, air circulation, natural light, ventilation, concepts, and the basic structure of the building, the materials that should be use, and so on. The working process would be start right after the architect had been chosen by the client, the next xtep is to collect all the neccessary data, surveys, and then the consultation begin. After the architect and the client had reach some agreement of how the design proccess should be done, the client gave the down payment no more than a 30% of total of the architects fee on the current project to get to the preliminary design process. It including the plan, elevation, and 3D image. Another 30% was given after, to start the works drawing, and at last another 30% to complete all the details and full drawing. There is no rules about the supervision during the construction process yet, but some architects takes 10% left as the supervision fee, and some ask for another contracts. According to The Indonesian architects association (known As IAI stands for Ikatan Arsitek Indonesia) the rules for an architect’s fee is classified through their experiences. So the senior the architect are, the more he or she should be paid[4]. There are 2 kind of fee classification according on year’s experiences. The first one is calculated from man/hour, man/month, even man/ year (see exhibit 3). The second is to calculate the fee from the total price of the projects. The basic fee is 6-9% for housing and 3-5% for public space[5]. This fee is the minimum standard to gain a quality control of architects works throughout Indonesia. Studio Habitat Studio Habitat is voluntary organization of students and professionals in the field of architecture that helps design for cost effective houses clients, doing the design process for free. During their works we had a partnership with Habitat for Humanity, an international nonprofit organization that helps families build safe, decent and affordable houses by providing labors and interest-free funding. Studio Habitat was established to answer the need for good design to help home partner (known as partner families as a clients) build their houses under Habitat program. Studio Habitat Indonesia, whose participants are mostly students of architecture helps to design houses for partner families. Students, who are used to designing houses on paper, get a chance to actually build their designs and learn something in the process. Ideally every Habitat for Humanity home partner that chooses to do so will have their house designed by participants of Studio Habitat Indonesia, under supervision of a mentor. The mentors are professional architects who volunteer for Habitat. Studio Habitat plays a more specific role, as architecture students are involved in designing houses, in addition to helping with the actual construction. The student become more adept in dealing with clients and we learn to be more sensitive to the need of the family in regard to their house is one of the benefits they get from joining Studio Habitat Indonesia. Students joining Studio Habitat talk to the homeowner. They survey the site and design the house in-group supervised by a mentor. Then they will give the workshop-draw to the Habitat for Humanity, and design the building budgeting plan. Afterwards the volunteers go to the location as the houses were built, to supervised and checked whether the workers had a problems on the building process. The Issue While Studio Habitat continuing to help the client, some problems occur. Some architects began to protest about the free-consultation concept this organization used. They don’t see any positive thing in a perspective of an architect to do such projects, and they afraid that this free-consultation idea would inspire some bad quality consultant to create some kind war of setting the price between architects. Some of them had bad experiences on meeting clients requested such a low price for the architect fee, and seeing this concept as a thread. This situation is not a new problem, for a long time certificated architects of The Indonesian architects association had struggled to compete the bad quality so called illegal-architects which selling their drawing per sheet on a very low prices. Others gave a free design, in exchange to use them as a contractor in the construction process. This is not just a thread to the architects, but also to the client, and more over it threatened the architecture business in Indonesia. To solve these problems, Indonesian architects association set the rules on the protection of the architecture business and tried to have it signed by the government on 2010. As for Studio Habitat, they create their own rules and criteria for up coming projects. It includes, the criteria of the client such as income, profession, family background, and so on. And for the houses they set the limits on budget, area, and function. And change the way they do the consulting process. The free consultation programs In brief, the idea is to provide a free of charge architecture consultation system for a low budget house design. The program should be held regularly from one to another middle class social area by turns in order to collect the data about related issue. As a result, this consultation might develop to a fund-raise or loan track activity for people with less budget, a coordination of community self-help activity done voluntarily, or low budget house renovation with followed by a fund raising. With a complete data, this program certainly can be a facility to provide source of information and education both for the architect and client as well. The targets of the program are low budget house clients who don’t know how to optimally spend their budget, space and opportunity. By planning a neat design of the house, the money can be spent properly, plus the rest of it could be used for another need. With a frequently updated data system, the information of building material price and execution charge could help to free from the possibility of deception. It can be sure that, with a well design, every cost spent is worthy and not useless. The most important part of the program is to gathering a number of architects who are willing to give voluntary consultation. And then followed up by finding fund supporting parties so that the consultation and design ideas are not only can be seen on the paper but can also be a realized. At last, forming a system among society to support each other, particularly in designing low budget house architecture within their environment which is not only limited to individual house for living but also public accommodations. The purpose of this program is to spread enthusiasm and idea that everyone deserves good architecture. Therefore, hopefully the community consists of society, architect as well as everyone interested, has been formed within a year. With a simple and low cost system, along with the ability to support individual through cooperation system, the program is wished to develop more and become an inspiration for other society and architect communities. Conclusion From a long, man-to-man consultation process, at the client house, to a short but mass consultation done in villages and traditional public space, The Studio Habitat had change their way of helping the low-income clients. Therefore, the target of the program would not be missed and not being misuse by irresponsible people. And starting from 2009, Studio Habitat is focused on designing prototype of an anti-disaster house for the government. The process is 90% done by the architecture student, within under Indonesian architects association considered as an internship programs member, and allowed to do the design process for free under supervision of certificated architects. The process would help to create a standard about what is architects and what can they do for their clients, so if a good design is for everyone their should be a specific ethics and laws on running the business. And to narrowed the gap between the architects and clients, the affordable houses for the low-income clients is the best way to do, while waiting for the government to step up with the legal laws. Exhibition 1 Number of room |Number of people | |1 |2 | |2 |3 | |3 |5 | |4 |7 | |5 |10 | Exhibition 2 |Area of the room |Max. erson/room | |4,64 m2 |0 | |4,64 – 6,5 m2 |0,5 | |6,5 – 8 m2 |1 | |8 – 10 m2 |1,5 | |> 10 m2 |2 | Exhibition 3 ———————– [1] Health ministry of the republic of Indonesia Number 829/ Menkes/ SK/ VII/ 1999 [2] The standard room area for houses by general works and electricity department year 1972 [3] The manual guide year 2007 by The Indonesian architects association [4] www. iai . com

The Outsiders Essays (389 words) - A Day No Pigs Would Die, Film

The Outsiders Essays (389 words) - A Day No Pigs Would Die, Film The Outsiders A Day No Pigs Would Die Robert Newton Peck The book took place in rural Vermont with a young Shaker boy named Rob Peck. The novel was basically about this boy going through joyful and trying times in his youth, and his friendship with his pet pig named Pinky. Robert Peck was the main character, he was loving towards Pinky and he was obedient,( he knew if he wasnt, hed be in big trouble.) Throughout the book you could tell that his emotions were opening up more, now that he had a pet to love and take care of, yet he still held back some of his feelings. His father, Haven, was a good Shaker man and was a great neighbor. He cared for his son but was still stern in his own way, but he had to be, after all, he was a Shaker. Their neighbor, Benjamin Tanner, was grateful for Rob delivering The finest oxen in the county. Pinky was a gift from Mr. Tanner. To show his appreciation, he pulled out a pig from underneath his jacket and gave it to Rob. The theme of the book was traveling from boyhood to manhood and how quickly it came about. Through the short time the book took place, Rob turned from a boy into the man he is now. I think the first turning point was the death of Pinky and how he reacted towards that. The second instance was the death of his father and how he took it so well and even dug his fathers grave. When pinky died, he had a conversation that showed him turning into a man. He said, Oh, Papa. My hearts broke. So is mine, said Papa. But Im thankful youre a man. The second passage in the book describing manhood, is after Haven killed Pinky and said, Thats what being a man is all about, boy. Its just doing whats got to be done. Overall I liked this book, however, I didnt like the beginning. The author described the pain so well that I cringed as I read the passage about Apron. I even felt sad about the dog getting weaseled. The book was written well and the story was good, but Im just thankful that I didnt have to grow up that way. Bibliography none

Free Essays on Elementary Schools

In the book The Battle for History, John Keegan, talks of the many different views on World War II. He takes into account other historical works such as Robert M. Kennedy’s The German Campaign in Poland, Christopher Duffy’s Red Storm on the Reich, The Struggle for Europe by Chester Wilmot and many others. He has already analyzed these other works. He has summarized the authors’ major points and used them to support his own theory, although Keegan’s theory about the written history of the war is quite unclear. The only theory that I could derive, is that â€Å"[it] has not yet been written.† (30) What does he mean by this? The works cited in the back of the book number over one hundred fifty. Numerous references are made to the works of other authors. Keegan does not seem to tell anything from his perspective, but state what he has read. All good and well considering this is history, but are the past events so clearly set in stone? Keegan seems to br ing up questions throughout the book such as: did Roosevelt know of the attack on Pearl Harbor before it happened? â€Å"There have also been explorations of the allegation that Roosevelt had foreknowledge but chose not to act on it, as a means of bringing the United States into the Second World War on the anti-Axis side.† (17) Keegan does not do much to answer these questions, simply brings them into the picture. The book gives no feel of ending or resolution to most of the questions he brings about. Maybe this was his purpose. Topics in the book up from one place to another. In one paragraph Keegan may be discussing the use of the Enigma, a commercial cipher machine; in the next Keegan might begin discussing the use of U-boats. Although there is some logical flow through the book, for the most part the subjects are jumpy, causing the work to be choppy and cluttered babbling. It seems like the author is trying to squeeze as much as he can into as few pages as possible. Keega n does, how... Free Essays on Elementary Schools Free Essays on Elementary Schools In the book The Battle for History, John Keegan, talks of the many different views on World War II. He takes into account other historical works such as Robert M. Kennedy’s The German Campaign in Poland, Christopher Duffy’s Red Storm on the Reich, The Struggle for Europe by Chester Wilmot and many others. He has already analyzed these other works. He has summarized the authors’ major points and used them to support his own theory, although Keegan’s theory about the written history of the war is quite unclear. The only theory that I could derive, is that â€Å"[it] has not yet been written.† (30) What does he mean by this? The works cited in the back of the book number over one hundred fifty. Numerous references are made to the works of other authors. Keegan does not seem to tell anything from his perspective, but state what he has read. All good and well considering this is history, but are the past events so clearly set in stone? Keegan seems to br ing up questions throughout the book such as: did Roosevelt know of the attack on Pearl Harbor before it happened? â€Å"There have also been explorations of the allegation that Roosevelt had foreknowledge but chose not to act on it, as a means of bringing the United States into the Second World War on the anti-Axis side.† (17) Keegan does not do much to answer these questions, simply brings them into the picture. The book gives no feel of ending or resolution to most of the questions he brings about. Maybe this was his purpose. Topics in the book up from one place to another. In one paragraph Keegan may be discussing the use of the Enigma, a commercial cipher machine; in the next Keegan might begin discussing the use of U-boats. Although there is some logical flow through the book, for the most part the subjects are jumpy, causing the work to be choppy and cluttered babbling. It seems like the author is trying to squeeze as much as he can into as few pages as possible. Keega n does, how...

Supply Chain Management Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Supply Chain Management Principles - Essay Example The process of conducting supply chain activities on a digital interface largely conducted by Apple Company reflects no physical activities pertaining to the procurement, stocking, transportation and other such conducts which are increasingly observed in regards to conservative warehousing practices. Apple through the help of online digital supply chain activities is found to conduct a billion transactions pertaining to media files in an annual period. The supply chain activities conducted over the digital sphere like the traditional warehousing activities also require the existences of products produced to be marketed to the final consumers. However unlike the traditional warehousing functions the supply chain management functions performed on a digital platform require only two parties i.e. the one providing or producing the content and the other the final consumer to whom the digital products would be transported. In turn the supply chain activities conducted by the company on the online sphere by Apple Incorporation is viewed as that which has helped in transforming the traditional supply chain concepts originally practiced by the company’s manufacturing and selling physical products. In evaluating the effectiveness of the supply chain activities conducted on a digital sphere it is found that Apple Corporation has a significant number of stock or inventory turnovers in comparison to other firms (Blanchard, 2010,p.71-72). The make-buy decision The make or buy decision is considered as a strategic decision in regards to supply chain management activities of companies. It is because the activities conducted in the realm of supply chain management activities contain large amount of outsourcing functions both in terms of procuring the materials from the supplier’s end rather than making such. Again the company can take help of distributors to help them distribute the products produced to the ultimate buyers. Thus in the former function it is found that materials are procured rather than producing such in the production units of the companies while the latter activity focus on gaining the supply chain support to sell the products produced by the firm. In the act of procurement of products from suppliers the firm focuses on enhancing the parameters of core competence. Similarly because of the lack of proper infrastructure the distributors support is gained to distribute the products to the consumers in an enhanced manner (Wisner, Tan and Leong, 2008, p.52-53; Chitale and Gupta, 2007, p.9). The firms also tend to produce their products for it helps to reduce the risks associated with procuring the products from the external environment and also saves time and money expended by the firm in the search for the right suppliers. Buying in addition to increasing the risks also makes the firm spend huge money and time while the function of making requires the firm to assimilate all its resources to produce the products and thus reducin g the level of core competencies (Berk, 2010, p.90-91). The making or buying decision process also requires the evaluation of the different risks associated with such. In regards to making the product specific risks arises relating to the

Marketing & Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing & Entrepreneurship - Essay Example Economic Factors Marketing management This is an important factor that constitutes to business success. An existence of an enterprise implies that there must be market for its products. Despite the competition from other producers an entrepreneur ensures efficient marketing skills to make profits. Effectiveness in product marketing is an important factor hat has to be put in consideration in any business enterprise. To enhance business success in marketing management, small scale business link up with both large and medium business enterprise. This linkage facilitates their supply of products hence it becomes easier to market the products. Production management For every enterprise to succeed, their must be a proper management in the production sector. The enterprise should have a well established source of raw materials. The cost of raw materials together with the cost of production should not exceed the cost of sales. A successful enterprise is one that always reaps profit from its sales. The department of production in any business must connect with the marketing department so as to ensure every item that is produced has direct or indirect market. Financial management Financial gain is always the driving force in any entrepreneurial investment. Therefore management of finances is a very important factor in any business enterprise. ... Therefore it can be argued that it is the financial capability of every entrepreneurial activity that measures its strength against the other as suggested by Ernst (2005, 165) Personnel management The department of the personnel is another factor that determines the success of any business enterprise whether small or large. Personnel management coordinates all activities related to workers in an organization. Its contribution to the business success is through how it handles the welfare of the employees. Offering the best to the employee in terms of salary, enough time limit of work and other incentives increases their motivation to work. The more motivated the employees are the more they increase production hence large sales. The increasing in sales indicates increase in profits and the business enterprise is said to be successful. Another factor relating to entrepreneurial success is the personnel skills and knowledge. Employees who have the necessary skill are capable of leading t he business to success. Political Factors Any business entrepreneurship occurs within a particular framework or political governance. Some of the political factors that affect business enterprise include: Political environment The political environment surrounding a business enterprise determines its operation and success. The current economic structure of the country may adversely affect the success of the business. For instance incase of an inflation the entrepreneurship is not likely to succeed. Favorable government incentives like loans to starting entrepreneurs, motivates them and they are likely to succeed. The economic strategies passed by the government such specialization on the area of production

CASE STUDY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 5

CASE STUDY - Essay Example The organization has expansive plans to increase the state coverage as well as the concentration of its services in the seven states. In this regard, the organization has set up new hospitals in the states and also has plans to set up more health facilities. An example is a proposal to construct a modern health facility at Fort Collins. The move is aimed at increasing Banner Health presence and also bringing quality healthcare closer to the people. Banner Health has partnered with institutions of higher learning to expand its services on cancer treatment (Banner Health, n.d). Specifically, Banner has engaged University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center to increase accessibility to cancer treatment for its patient. Under this partnership, Banner has built its cancer treatment center in Arizona. The organization has plans to increase its cancer treatment centers across the states where it has operations. The growth plan of Banner Health also includes opening of new health clinics in the country. The ANA anticipates that the demand for health care will increase significantly in the next decade. As such, bigger health institutions are likely to be overstretched. As such, clinics that are closer to the population are will be ideal for early detection and commencement of treatment. Also, clinics are important in primary care. The efforts to consider and address future needs makes Banner Health more prepared for future health needs. The American Nursing Organization has stipulated that the country will experience nurse shortage by 2020. The reason for the shortage includes lack of admission slots for new nursing students and nurse turnover. Banner health is cognizant of this issue. As a result, the Banner Center for Health Careers provides a long-term strategy of gathering details of qualified nurses and other medical professionals. The organization can then replace nurses from the pool or recruit new nurses

Dantes Inferno Essay Example for Free

Dantes Inferno Essay On the evening of Good Friday in the year 1300, Dante is travelling through a forest, when he gets lost. In the morning, he finds a mountain and tries to climb it, but is stopped by a lion, a wolf, and a leopard. The spirit of the poet Virgil appears and offers to take him to the top of the mountain to Heaven when his love, Beatrice, is, but the way first leads through Hell. Virgil and Dante enter through the gates of Hell and see a crowd of people along the banks of the river. Virgil tells Dante these are the souls who neither sinned nor worshipped God, and are therefore rejected by both Heaven and Hell. Charon takes them across the river. The Second Circle is guarded by Minos and is the first of four rings in which souls are punished. In the Second Circle, the souls of the lustful are blown about by never-ending winds. In the Third Circle, the souls of the gluttons are soaked by heavy rain and clawed by the three-headed dog, Cerberus. Continuing downwards, they meet the entrance to the Fourth Circle, which holds the greedy. These souls must charge at each other with boulders repeatedly. Virgil and Dante next proceed to f the city of Dis. Dis is a city within the larger region of Hell, however the demon guards refuse to open the gates. A messenger arrives from Heaven to force the gates open for Dante and Virgil. The Sixth Circle of Hell holds the Heretics, and in this circle that Dante encounters Farinata, a rival political leader. A deep valley leads into the First Ring of the Seventh Circle of Hell, where there are three inner rings. The first is where those who were violent toward others spend eternity in a river of boiling blood. The second ring is for those who were violent toward themselves, and the third ring is for those who were violent toward God. The monster Geryon transports Virgil and Dante across a great abyss to the Eighth Circle of Hell, known as Malebolge, Here, there are also many layers. The first is for the panderers and seducers, who receive lashings from whips. The second is where the flatterers must lie in a river of human feces. The simoniacs in the third layer hang upside down in baptismal fonts while their feet burn with fire. The fourth layer is for the astrologists and diviners, who are forced to walk with their heads on backward. In the fifth layer, those who have accepted bribes are torn apart by demons. In the sixth layer, the hypocrites must walk in circles for eternity while wearing robes of lead. In the seventh layer, thieves sit in a pit of vipers and turn to vipers when bitten, and then regain their human form when they bite  another thief. In the eighth layer, Dante speaks to Ulysses who will spend forever with those guilty of Spiritual Theft. In the ninth layer, those of scandal walk in a circle with wounds that open and close repeatedly. In the tenth and final layer, falsifiers suffer from plagues and diseases of all kinds. Through the Giants’ Well, Virgil and Dante proceed to the Ninth Circle of Hell, which leads to a great frozen lake named Cocytus. Virgil and Dante are picked up and placed in the lowest region of Hell by the giant Antaeus. Like the previous Circles, the Ninth Circle of Hell also contains numerous different inner Rings. In the First Ring, those who betrayed their kin stand frozen to their necks in the lake. In the Second Ring, those who betrayed their country stand frozen to their heads. However, those who betrayed their guest are destined to spend eternity lying on their back in the frozen lake in the Third Ring. In the Fourth and final ring of the Ninth Circle of Hell, an eternity in complete icy submersion is given to those who betrayed their friends. In the center of this circle is the three-headed Lucifer. His body comes from the center of the Earth where he fell when God sent him down from Heaven. In each of Lucifer’s mouths are Judas, Cassius, and Brutus. Virgil instructs Dante to climb down Lucifer, and travel out of Hell and back onto Earth. They return to Earth on Easter morning. Analysis In the first canto, Dante uses the dark forest to express the flaws he saw in the world around him at the time Inferno was written. Also, when Dante encounters the leopard, the lion, and the she-wolf. The leopard represents fraud, the lion represents pride, and the she-wolf represents incontinence. Dante is most affected by the presence of the she-wolf because, while incontinence is the least severe category of sin, it is the one to which he is most susceptible. Christian symbolism is extremely prevalent throughout Inferno, and it is first introduced in the second canto. Hell is not just described as the underworld, but a place where sinners are punished for eternity. In the inscription on the gates into Hell, each part of the Trinity is represented. The â€Å"potency divine† represents God the Father, the â€Å"wisdom supreme† is Christ, and the â€Å"primal love† is the Holy Spirit. Along these same lines, the use of the Trinity is also used in the last canto, when we are  introduced to the three-headed Lucifer. The three heads could represent the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit as well. In the fourth canto, Dante explains that Limbo is for those who have not been baptized, thus addressing one of the great moral problems of Christianity. Baptism is considered necessary to go to Heaven, but it does not seem fair that people who do not know of Christianity should suffer for something they have no control over. Dante takes care of this problem by keeping those who are not Christian in Hell, but giving them a much less painful fate by giving them eternity in Limbo. The timeframe of Dante’s Inferno is extremely relevant in terms of Christianity. Dante begins his journey through Hell on Good Friday and emerges and returns to Earth on Easter day. This means that he was â€Å"dead† for the time period following the crucifixion of Christ, and he has risen with him. To look further into the other religions represented in Inferno, the tower in the city of Dis that Dante refers to is a mosque, to further emphasize that anyone who does not believe in Christianity is a nonbeliever and should be in Hell. It is also interesting to look at the role Dante plays throughout Inferno. Throughout, it is clear that Beatrice has kept a careful eye on Dante’s progress and is prepared to intervene when necessary to ensure that he gets to her. In the first canto, when Dante is lost, Beatrice sends Virgil to guide him, and when Virgil and Dante are not admitted into Dis, Beatrice sent a messenger to let them in. Without Beatrice, Dante would be lost. She is the only reason he has a chance at making it to Heaven. Dante faints and weeps numerous times, further indicating his weakness and his reliance on Beatrice and Virgil. He expresses fear of the wild beasts in the first canto and of many of the other demons in the other circles. These weaknesses emphasize how little he does for himself. He follows the path that is laid out for him by Beatrice and Virgil, and does nothing more than that. In many contexts, Dante is held as a hero, but he is really just relying on others.

An Appraisal Of Police Reforms In Kenya Criminology Essay

An Appraisal Of Police Reforms In Kenya Criminology Essay Police Services form part of the executive arm of the Government. Before the promulgation of the Constitution 2010, on 27th August 2010 they were referred to as Police Forces and were under the Ministry of State for Provincial Administration and Internal Security. The two Police Forces were the Kenya Police and the Administration Police Forces established under the repealed Police Act Chapter 84 and Administration Police Act Chapter 85 respectively. Together with other three sister departments in the Ministry, that is the NACADAA, the Government Press and the Provincial Administration, the five key departments are all answerable to one Accounting Officer under the Ministry. The Commissioner of Police has been the in charge of the Kenya Police Force while the Commandant of Administration Police, who before 27th August, 2010 operated under delegated authority  [1]  , has been in charge of the Administration Police Force. More often than not the Police have found themselves in crossroads with members of public and Civil Society Organizations. This has led to them being viewed as the key violators of Human Rights  [2]  . They have earned a title violators rather than protectors and keepers of Human Rights. The Alston Reports  [3]  on Judicial killings laid blame on Police on deaths and disappearance of youth without anybody accounting for them. Several shootings of innocent individuals have been associated with the Police guns. The duty imposed on Police of Protection of life and property has been reduced to perception that they are to eradicate life and property of innocent people. The experts on commission for enquiry and thinkers of reforms came up with recommendations in their report after the 2007-2008 Post Election Violence which associated most loss of life to the excessive use of force by police amongst other vices and omissions. Waki Report  [4]  indicate that the security forces were powerless against the violence. Often, when we think of police reforms, the people concerned many a times tend to either forget or neglect the primary reason and function of the police service right from the initial stage it was formed to where they focus it to be, which is of great importance and should always be taken seriously. Peaceful co-existence and calmness in the society is the recipe for experiencing and enjoyment of freedom and human rights. With breach of this, society is bound to be in a chaotic state, confusion and fear. This is why police work always comes in handy if professionally applied backed with strong laws and reliable independent judicial systems. The society creates laws and puts in place the justice system to deal with law breakers; police on the other hand has a responsibility to enforce these laws within the society for the purpose of sustaining peace and calmness. When a society enjoys relative peace and order, it signifies that people obey the laws laid down with offenders being subjected to justice promptly. Strict justice systems and societies law obedience always ease the work of police. You can institute police reform, you can reorganize service delivery but you cannot alter the fundamental principles of policing and police operations. Reformers and reform agendas must be cognizant of another reality that police officers and police services are delivering something that some people in the society are opposed to. No one wants to be a victim of crime. No one wants the law, criminal or regulatory, enforced on them.  [5]   Police reform or review will not make this disappear and no matter how you package or tidy up service delivery or the players, there will always be displeasure with the police. So we mostly find that the performance of any organization depends on the principles on which it is founded and the tempered actions of its officers. Violations of the founding principle of an organization lead to straying away hence corruption, inefficiency and partisan personnel who can easily be misused by influential who have personal interest of enriching themselves. It is because of this, that the police have found themselves being misused by politicians as they serve as agents of political executives rather than as an instrument of a democratic state. This leaves a weak police Service heavily reliant of its masters who politicize and destabilize the police hence vices. The police force had been marked with a reputation of applying the law selectively against opponents, whether political or personal, at the behest of person of influence. Impunity has reigned supreme and hence reforms appearing to be a distant reality. Security is a basic human right as it is underlined by Article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. As a member of the family of nations, Kenya subscribes to this Declaration. As a country, we regard security as a matter of national priority.  [6]  Security of persons as a basic human right is also one of the most significant factors contributing to the quality of communities worldwide. Security provides an enabling environment for citizens to live and work in, and it stimulates social, economic and political development.  [7]   Kenyas transition, and prospects of development, hinge to a great extent on the countrys ability to guarantee security within her borders. This is a goal that the current Government is committed to attain. It is also a good that many Kenyans are longing for.  [8]   It is against this background that there have been attempts by the Kenyan Government to institute police reforms. Though the Government had initiated the Police Reforms since 2004 when the NARC Government first came to power, on platforms of Reforms, these reforms were largely operational and administrative as they did not address the structural policy and legislative reforms that were fundamental in transforming the Police.  [9]   Consequently, the Government appointed the National Task Force on Police Reforms on the 8th May, 2009, led by The Hon. Justice (Rtd) Philip Ransley in Kenya Gazette Notice No.4790.1  [0]   The Task Force was mandated with the following Terms of References:-1  [1]   Examine the existing policy, institutional, legislative, administrative, and operational structures, systems and strategies and recommend comprehensive reforms taking cognizance of the recommendations contained in agenda 4; Kriegler, Waki and other Police related Reports so as to enhance police efficiency, effectiveness and institutionalize professionalism and accountability.(Special focus to be given to recommendations on Police Service Commission; Independent Police Oversight Authority; Policing Policy; and National Security Policy); Examine the existing competence, skills knowledge and attitudes of the Police at all levels and make recommendations aimed at enhancing shared core values, policing excellence and benchmarking against international best practices. Review the human resource management and development policies with a view to examine current standards and practices in recruitment, deployment, training, career progression, exit, post-exit management and recommend implementation of changes that enhance morale, meritocracy and professionalism; Review the tooling, logistical and technological capacity and recommend changes necessary to sustain modern security management, disaster management, conflicts and early warning/rapid response systems and joint operational preparedness strategy; Review the state of preparedness of the police to combat insecurity and other forms of emerging security challenges occasioned by national and international threats such as terrorism, piracy, organized gangs, drug/human trafficking, industrial espionage, cyber crime, money laundering, and economics crimes; Review and recommend strategies to harmonize and fast-track partnership between the community and security agencies in policing; Design a continuous monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to track police reform gains and consistency of policing needs; Recommend appropriate institutional arrangement to oversee the implementation of comprehensive police reforms; Prepare a draft Police Reforms Bill to embrace the comprehensive Police reform agenda; Make any other appropriate recommendations that add value to police reforms; and Develop a prioritized implementation matrix clearly categorizing the immediate, medium, and long- term police reforms and the attendant budgetary requirements. Within two and half months to submit to the President its findings and recommendations. The task Force submitted its report on October 2009 having made various recommendations summarized under four headings:-Professionalism, accountability, operational and administrative reforms and institutional policy and legislative reforms On 8th January,2010, the Government established the Police Reforms Implementation Committee charged with the responsibility of coordinating, supervising, providing, technical guidance, facilitation as well as mobilizing resources, communicating, monitoring and evaluation of reforms in the police.1  [2]   The promulgation of the Constitution of Kenya, 2010 on 27th August, 2010 marked a milestone on the issue of the Police Reforms in Kenya.To crown it all, Article 243 to 2471  [3]  constitutionally provided a departure from the previous regime organizations of the police matters. 1.1. Objectives of the Study The study intends to appraise police reforms in Kenya and recommend the best approach to reforms, hence contribute to the process of reforming the police in Kenya to be more effective and accountable in their service. The research will also act as an informative tool and strengthen the knowledge of the readers, researchers, and any other interested parties. Specific objectives of the study were: To identify indicators of police reforms; To identify appropriate analysis and measurement tools to measurement the level of police reforms in Kenya; To gauge the level of police reforms and to benchmark with that of other countries; To recommend measures for the realization of police reforms in Kenya. 1.2 Problem Statement The following points summarize problem statement concerning police reform in Kenya that this research seeks to address: Not much has been done in terms of realistically appraising police reforms in Kenya. There is lack of continuous expert evaluations along the way. In certain cases, internal evaluations that are deficit of technical analysis are carried out, the reliability of the findings may be questionable; The police still have outdated colonial cultures and brutality with deep rooted corruption rate which is a concern of the public, the Kenya Government and the international community; Lack of professionalism; ineffective supervision and poor managerial skills; inadequate and oversight accountability and oversight mechanisms in the police; Slow pace of enactment of necessary legislations to speed up the reform process; 1.3. Scope of the Research It was necessary to clearly define boundaries of the research to focus on the objectives of the study and to eliminate ambiguities. The focus of the research was to assess the successes, failures and challenges of police reforms by identifying reform indicators and gauging reform activities using them. The goal was to shed light into the realities of police reform efforts by highlighting achievements and by benchmarking with other exemplary strides in Africa and the world. This research, being an appraisal, meaning judging the nature/value of the reform process or making considered opinion on quality/extent/status, the research dwelt on aspects that closely correlated with reform evaluation. 1.4. Theoretical Framework There are various theories which justify reforms. These theories explain the relationship between the ways things are and how they ought to be, the realisms and the idealisms. The Natural Law vie propound true law as the right reason in agreement with nature.1  [4]  That law is universal, eternal and unchanging and that there is only one source of law and the enforcer of this eternal and unchanging law is God. That law is a rule whereby man is induced to act or restrained from acting. Principles common in all natural law theories are that1  [5]  there are absolute values against which the validity of law should be tested. That there exists an order which is rational and which can be known by man. That man can become aware of the universal, eternal and comprehensible values, if he observes nature and understands it correctly. And that from these values man may derive appropriate value-statements. That, that which is good is in accordance with nature and which is evil contrary to nature. That a law which lacks moral validity is wrong and unjust. Positivism refers to a system of philosophy based on things that can be seen or proved rather than ideas. The basic premise of positivism lies in the derivation of positum meaning that the law is something posited or laid down. The positivist law argues thus that true law is law enacted by the sovereign and backed by sanctions1  [6]  :- Law is a social fact; The idea of law being a command emanating from a sovereign power; The idea that law must embody a medium of sanctions; The separation of law from morals or ethical concerns; That society must be in habitual obedience of the law; Idealism refers to the practice of forming or pursuing or believing in ideas, even when this is not realistic. It is the belief that ideas are the only things that are real or about which we can know anything.1  [7]   The theoretical framework of this study is therefore to be based on the natural and positive school of thoughts which are related in that positivism arose to answer defects in the naturalists understanding of law1  [8]  . But more to the ideas of the two theories, the study is based on idealisms, what ought to be rather than what is. 1.5. Conceptual Framework There are a number of concepts that explain policing e.g. problem-oriented policing, evidence-based policing, community policing, predictive policing and intelligence-led policing. This research proposes the framework of predictive policing to analyze police reforms in Kenya. Predictive policing is defined as any policing strategy or tactic that develops and uses information and advanced analysis to inform forward thinking crime prevention1  [9]  . Predictive policing concept involves data mining, geospatial prediction, statistical probability and social network analysis. Since this research involves much of data mining and intense use of statistical methods, the concept suits this research. Predictive policing approach originated from a number of sources including intelligence and business analytics2  [0]  . This approach was adopted because the criminal justice system in Kenya currently has inadequate tools and research to the development of evidence-based practices. This concept is embraced as the police services continue developing intelligence-led policing To be able to use this approach, the research proposes a boiling pot model with a pot of reform factors on a three stone hearth acting as pillars firing the reforms. The pillars support the police organization and energize management, administration and the entire police structures. These pillars are capacity legal environment, personnel, budget compensation, personnel, training equipment. The results of the boiling pot are reduced crime rate, observance of human rights, police-public cooperation, public acceptance of the police service, political independence of the police, incorruptibility and reachable police service with authority. Figure 1 The boiling pot model of police reform Source ¼Ã… ¡Author The boiling pot model was proposed in this research as an innovative way of explaining police reforms in the context of predictive policing since a lot has to be in place to facilitate boiling. The reform process needs support and should any one pillar crumble, effects are seen in the results which are squarely dependent on input from the pillars. Again, if the boiling heat goes down, expected results are delayed, half-realized or not achieved at all. Figure 1 illustrates police reforms boiling pot model. 1.6. Limitations of the Study There were obstacles that possibly limited the validity of results of this study to some extent. Limited time and hurdles of data collection ranging from resources to field visits were cumbersome. Questionnaire questions are possible sources of error; so great care in constructing them is essential if valid information is to be gained from the survey2  [1]  . Some of the interviewees declined to answer questions or were busy or lacked interest hence could give unreliable information. This research addressed this limitation, according to guidelines by Barbara and Robert (1980), A Practice Guide to Behavioral Research, pp. 20, using interview techniques like probes and other means of avoiding socially desirable response-statements and other undesirable interviewer/respondent interactions. Availability of data on police reforms is highly limited especially in Africa2  [2]  . Available police data from the Kenya Police and Administration Police is ad hoc and not systematically collected and cannot be very reliable in appraising the successes and failures of police reforms in Kenya. Chapter 2. Literature Review Berkeley2  [3]  notes: reform is such a strong word (which) is often misapplied in regard to police service delivery. Too often it becomes the term for what should be called organization or structure review. Reform is defined as a change for the better or improvement by removal of faults2  [4]  ; it means to fine-tune and restructure without radical changes2  [5]  . Police reforms therefore mean restructuring the police services with the aim of improving them; changing them for the better and fine-tuning the services. In respect to security sector reforms, SSR, police reform is defined as the transformation of a security system, including all the actors, their roles, actions and responsibility to manage and operate the system in a manner that is consistent with democratic norms and sound principles of good governance2  [6]  . 2.1. Police Reforms in Africa Policing in Africa is still inadequately documented and has been shaped by colonial rule that was greatly concerned with protecting interests of the colonial power compared to safeguarding safety and security needs of the people2  [7]  . After colonial rule mostly during the 1960s, development of more personal, impulsive and arbitrary neo-patrimonial rule played a role in shaping the police. Incumbent regimes utilized colonially inherited repressive capacity of the police to defend regime interests2  [8]  . Since many countries in Africa have faced internal civil war, brutality and destruction, the police became perpetrators, targets and casualties. The 2008 violence in Kenya saw role of Kenyan police forces with large scale brutality and extra-judicial killings in a large scale2  [9]  . Dynamics of police reform in Africa is understood within the context of policing environment for example in conflict-ridden areas, rural area policing, role of politics in reform process among others. In conflict areas, general policing is always seen as irrelevant or as part of the problem since more of military approaches are adopted. In such cases, new armed units which act as roving agents of repression and control3  [0]  are created to defend the interest of the power of the day. There are proofs of intimate connection between police and politics in Africa3  [1]  . Police reform is regarded a political endeavor and political interests are fundamental to the reform process. Police reforms envisaged in Africa involve changes in structure, function and legitimacy. Structurally police change from centralized to decentralized form; functionally the police change from emphasizing defense of regime to protection of citizens, and regarding legitimacy the change is from regime-based to people-driven legitimacy3  [2]  . Police Reforms in South Africa and the United States of America It is important to do comparative analysis of police reforms in Kenya with that in the USA and South Africa as benchmarks. The two countries are chosen as pinnacles of police reforms with South Africa giving a realistic African example. 2.2.1. Police Reform in South Africa Police reform in South Africa is understood within the unique political context. Apartheid system had racial status as its main feature and security institutions were organized in a similar way  [38]  39. South African Police and the judiciary were dominated by white officers at the senior level. Apartheid was known for brutality of security forces and widespread violation of human rights. During 1960 1990, about 78,000 people were detained without trial by the police because of political activism against apartheid  [40]  . Seventy-three executions in detention by police were recorded during that period of formal apartheid. In recent years, security forces were responsible for high levels of torture, extra-judicial executions and disappearance of pro-democracy activists. The coercion of unpopular racist laws created a deep crisis of legitimacy in the pre-reform criminal justice system in South Africa. In the late 1980s, the state of apartheid was in serious crisis forcing the police, army and bureaucracy to invent strategies, one being National Security Management System (NSMS) to defeat the liberation movements. The police and military suppressed protests during the State of Emergency declared in 1985 and there were mass arrests, trials, persecution, and murder. Police reform was shaped by negotiated political settlement after apartheid, that agreed to retain all employees of the apartheid government, police officers included. The settlement also created a Government of National Unity and Truth and Reconciliation Commission which dealt with some police abuses in apartheid. As negotiations were going on, the police were already involved in framing new arrangements for the management of public order and security of elections under the auspices of the National Peace Accord multi-party experience that gave the police a preview of the style required by democratic government. The police reform process was given highest priority in the first period of transition and state institutions relevant to effective combat of crime were put in place  [41]  . Mandela government had a challenge to build trust between state agencies, including the police, and the citizens. The police was given legitimacy of being associated with the new regime and was attached to repression of apartheid. Police-community relationship was to be built to allow the basic functionality of the police institution  [42]  . The initial steps to police reform in South Africa were shaped by clear strategic decision taken by the government with strong emphasis on accountability and oversight. In the second term of the democratically elected government, after political control and legitimacy has been achieved, the government started to emphasize the role of police in fight against crime. With many unresolved issues in initial stage of police reform, the government gave great importance to several strategic priorities and policies leading to great ideas in paper but inadequate capacity to implement policies in the police institution. Though South African experience of police reform is cited as a model for other African states, the process was laborious and often agonizing for members of the police organization  [43]  . 2.2.2. Police Reform in the United States of America Initial efforts of reform were through establishment of external commissions that outlined reforms and left the burden of implementation to the police. Important changes in policing, in respect to civil rights and constitutional law, were realized through a number of court decisions  [44]  3. Court decisions between 1961 and 1966, especially Mapp versus Ohio and Miranda versus Arizona, were highly influential and thus began to set national policing standards  [45]  3  [4]  . During the 1970s, special commissions were used to create changes in police and other law enforcement agencies. Permanent external oversight agencies were used to improve police accountability. The agencies focused on individual improvements3  [5]  and left out broader organizational issues that could result to long-term reform initiatives. Enactment of Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act in 1994 allowed for suits against law enforcement agencies with regard to abuses resulting into many departments signing memorandum of understandings to reform3  [6]  . The United States Department of Justice conducted investigation on abuse patterns in police and brought legal action to force changes. Less-than-lethal weapons like chemical sprays were introduced as alternatives to deadly force3  [7]  . Police reform encouraged police officers to try to deescalate situations with verbal warnings and persuasion and consider use of force continuum3  [8]  . 2.3. Key Lessons from South Africa and USA The following are clear from the two experiences3  [9]  : Substantial resistance to police reform efforts is highly expected from economic elite who gained from the old system and institutions which control public security apparatus; Sectors that feel insecure would champion for citizen-oriented policing; There is possibility of politicians taking selfish advantage of the reform process and thus violating the spirit of police reform; The government in place may form parallel police units that undermine development and legitimacy of the reform process or even favor particular police units compared to the others; In attempts to demilitarize the police, attention should be focused on composition, mission, doctrine and hierarchical separation of the police from military command; Participation of previously neglected groups in policing helps to ensure that policing is effectively representative of and responsive to the society. International actors can provide assistance with issues of composition and doctrine, as well as advice. To achieve effective reforms, there is need to strengthen and equip crim